Origin & history
St. Stephen's Day, observed on December 26, has its roots in early Christianity. St. Stephen was the first deacon of the Church and the first Christian martyr, stoned to death around 34-35 AD. The feast day was established by the 4th century and spread throughout Christendom. In Poland, the celebration became intertwined with Christmas, forming a two-day holiday that allowed for extended family gatherings and religious observances.
In medieval Poland, St. Stephen's Day was also associated with the "szczodry" (generous) customs, where people would give gifts or "szczodraki" to carolers. This tradition evolved from pagan Slavic winter solstice rituals, which Christianity later absorbed. The day was seen as an opportunity to extend the joy of Christmas and honor the memory of the first martyr.
Customs & traditions
On St. Stephen's Day, Poles attend special church masses commemorating St. Stephen. Many families visit relatives and continue the Christmas celebrations from the previous day. Traditional caroling, known as "kolędowanie," is still practiced, with groups of carolers visiting homes, singing Christmas carols, and often collecting donations for charity. In some rural areas, the "Herody" play is performed, depicting the story of King Herod and the Nativity.
Food on St. Stephen's Day often features leftovers from Christmas Eve and Day, such as bigos (hunter's stew), pierogi, and various meats. It is a day for relaxation and socializing, with less formal meals compared to Christmas Eve. In some regions, people also engage in horse races or sleigh rides, known as "kulig," marking the end of the Christmas festivities.
Why it is celebrated
St. Stephen's Day in Poland is celebrated as the second day of Christmas, extending the holy period and emphasizing the Christian message of giving and martyrdom. It honors St. Stephen, who exemplifies faith and sacrifice, and serves as a reminder of the early Church's challenges. For Poles, it is also a time for family bonding, generosity, and keeping traditions alive, bridging the gap between Christmas and the upcoming New Year celebrations.