Independence Day

Bulgaria was under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries until the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 led to the Treaty of Berlin, which established the Principality of Bulgaria as an autonomous vassal state. However, the principality remained nominally under Ottoman suzerainty, paying tribute and having its foreign policy controlled by the sultan. On September 22, 1908 (Old Calendar September 5), Prince Ferdinand I seized the opportunity of political turmoil in the Ottoman Empire to declare full independence. In the city of Veliko Tarnovo, the historic capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, Ferdinand proclaimed the independence of Bulgaria and assumed the title of Tsar. The act was a culmination of the Bulgarian unification movement and was recognized internationally after a series of diplomatic negotiations.

The main celebrations take place in Veliko Tarnovo, where the original proclamation was made. A solemn ceremony is held at the Tsarevets Fortress, including a reenactment of the proclamation and a parade. The Bulgarian flag is raised with military honors, and the national anthem is sung. In Sofia, the capital, wreath-laying ceremonies are held at the Monument to the Unknown Soldier and other memorials. Schools and cultural institutions organize exhibitions, concerts, and lectures on Bulgarian history. Families often gather for festive meals, featuring traditional dishes like banitsa (cheese pastry) and roast meat. Many use the day off for outings or to visit historical sites.

Independence Day symbolizes Bulgaria's emergence as a fully sovereign nation on the international stage. It marks the end of Ottoman suzerainty and the restoration of the country's independence after centuries of foreign domination. The holiday reinforces national pride and unity, reminding Bulgarians of their long struggle for freedom and the importance of preserving sovereignty.